The action of driving or pushing, typically forward or onward; a propulsive force or impulse.
The state of being redundant
Duplication of parts of a message to guard against transmission errors.
surplusage inserted in a pleading which may be rejected by the court without impairing the validity of what remains.
A superfluity; something redundant or excessive; a needless repetition in language
Duplication of components or circuits to provide survival of the total system in case of failure of single components.
The state of being unemployed because one's job is no longer necessary; the dismissal of such an employee; a layoff.