To ratify; to make valid.
To penalize (a state etc.) with sanctions.
To give official authorization or approval to; to countenance.
An approval, by an authority, generally one that makes something valid.
A penalty, punishment, or some coercive measure, intended to ensure compliance; especially one adopted by several nations, or by an international body.
A law, treaty, or contract, or a clause within a law, treaty, or contract, specifying any of the above.
To keep (information, assent etc) to oneself rather than revealing it.
To stay back.
To keep (a physical object that one has obtained) to oneself rather than giving it back to its owner.